The Invincible
the blog which anything is included !
Thursday 12 April 2012
My Favorite Pen
Friday 23 March 2012
Megalith Rock
Megalith Rock
A megalith is a large stone
that has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or
together with other stones. Megalithic describes structures made of such
large stones, utilizing an interlocking system without the use of mortar or
cement.
The word 'megalith' comes from the Ancient Greek
μέγας megas meaning great, and λίθος lithos
meaning stone. Megalith also denotes an item consisting of rock(s) hewn
in definite shapes for special purposes. It has been used to describe buildings
built by people from many parts of the world living in many different periods.
A variety of large stones are seen as megaliths, with the most widely known
megaliths not being sepulchral.The construction
of these structures took place mainly in the Neolithic
(though earlier Mesolithic examples are known) and continued into the Chalcolithic
and Bronze Age.
Analysis
and evaluation
Megaliths were used for a variety of
purposes. The purpose of megaliths ranged from serving as boundary markers of
territory, to a reminder of past events, to being part of the society's
religion. Common motifs including crooks and axes seem to be symbols
of political power, much like the crook was a symbol of Egyptian pharaohs.
Amongst the indigenous peoples
of India, Malaysia,
Polynesia, North Africa,
North America,
and South America,
the worship of these stones, or the use of these stones to symbolize a spirit
or deity, is a possibility.
European
megaliths
Poulnabrone portal tomb, Ireland
|
The most common type of megalithic construction
in Europe is the portal tomb – a chamber consisting of upright stones (orthostats)
with one or more large flat capstones forming a roof. Many of these, though by
no means all, contain human remains, but it is debatable whether use as burial
sites was their primary function.
The
second-most-common tomb type is the passage grave. It normally consists of a square, circular, or
cruciform chamber with a slabbed or corbelled roof, accessed by a long, straight passageway, with
the whole structure covered by a circular mound of earth.
The
third tomb type is a diverse group known as gallery graves. These are axially arranged chambers placed
under elongated mounds.
Asian
megaliths
The greatest concentration of megalithic burials is in Korea. Archaeologists estimate that there are 15,000 to 100,000 southern megaliths in the Korean Peninsula. Typical estimates hover around the 30,000 mark for the entire peninsula, which in itself constitutes some 40% of all dolmens worldwide.
Type of Megalith
1 . Polylithic
- Taula - A vertical stone and horizontal stone stack to form a ''T'' shape monument
- Nuraghe - A pile of small stone arranged to form a tower monument.
- Dolmen - Build with several vertical stone supporting a flat horizontal stone placed on top of it.
2. Monolith
- Trilithon - Two big rock placed vertically and a horizontal rock placed on top of the two big rock
- Stone Row - A several long rock that placed vertically.
- Cycoliths - Stone arranged in circular pattern.
Mystery
This monument of rocks had contributed many question that could not be answered completely. Why it is made ? , For what reason it is bulid for ? , It is a signal to the space ? , How does earlier human can bulid something like this ?, Did they build it with the help of the supernatural ? and Why did people around the world did the same things ?
This question may not be answered forever, but their existsten will always captured the eyes of many people in the world.
Tuesday 28 February 2012
Poem - He Had Such A Quiet Eyes
He had such quiet eyes
She did not realize
They were two pools of lies
Layered with thinnest ice
To her, those quiet eyes
Were breathing desolate sighs
Imploring her to be nice
And to render him paradise
If only she’d been wise
And had listened to the advice
Never to compromise
With pleasure-seeking guys
She’d be free from ‘the hows and whys’
Now here’s a bit of advice
Be sure that nice really nice
Then you’ll never be losing at dice
Though you lose your heart once or twice
by Bibsy Soenharjo
Thursday 16 February 2012
Bruce Lee
The Life of Bruce Lee
Bruce Lee (born Lee Jun-fan;
27 November 1940 – 20 July 1973) was a Chinese
American.Hong
Kong actor, martial
arts instructor, philosopher, film
director, film producer, screenwriter, and founder of the Jeet
Kune Do martial arts movement. He is widely considered by many
commentators, critics, media and other martial artists to be the most
influential martial artist, and a cultural
icon..Lee was born in San
Francisco to parents of Hong
Kong heritage but was raised in Hong
Kong until his late teens. Lee emigrated to the United States at the age of 18
to claim his U.S. citizenship and receive his higher education. It was during
this time that he began teaching martial arts, which soon led to film and
television roles.
His Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced
films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, and sparked a major surge of
interest in Chinese martial arts in the West in
the 1970s. The direction and tone of his films changed and influenced martial
arts and martial arts films in Hong Kong and
the rest of the world, as well. He is
noted for his roles in five feature-length films: Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist
of Fury (1972); Way
of the Dragon (1972), directed and
written by Lee; Warner Brothers' Enter
the Dragon (1973), directed by Robert
Clouse; and The
Game of Death (1978), directed by
Robert Clouse.
Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world,
particularly among the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese nationalism in his films. He
initially trained in Wing Chun, but he later rejected well-defined martial art styles, favouring instead
to use techniques from various sources in the spirit of his personal martial
arts philosophy, which he dubbed Jeet
Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist).
Wing Chun
Bruce Lee with Yip Man |
The largest
influence on Lee's martial arts development was his study of Wing Chun.
Lee began training in Wing Chun at the age of 13 under the Wing Chun teacher Yip Man
in 1954, after losing a fight with rival gang members. Yip's regular classes
generally consisted of the forms practice, chi sao (sticking hands)
drills, wooden dummy
techniques, and free-sparring. There was no set pattern to the classes. Yip
tried to keep his students from fighting in the street gangs of Hong Kong by
encouraging them to fight in organized competitions.
After a year
into his Wing Chun training, most of Yip Man's other students refused to train
with Lee after they learnt of his ancestry (his mother was half Chinese and
half Caucasian) as the Chinese generally were against teaching their martial
arts techniques to non-Asians Lee's sparring partner, Hawkins Cheung states,
"Probably fewer than six people in the whole Wing Chun clan were
personally taught, or even partly taught, by Yip Man". However, Lee showed
a keen interest in Wing Chun, and continued to train privately with Yip Man
and Wong Shun Leung in 1955.
Bruce Lee with his master Yip Man |
Lee began
teaching martial arts in the United States in 1959. He called what he taught
Jun Fan Gung Fu (literally Bruce Lee's Kung Fu). It was basically his approach
to Wing Chun. Lee taught friends
he met in Seattle, starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover,
who later became his first assistant instructor. Lee opened his first martial arts school, named
the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle.
Lee
dropped out of college in the spring of 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm
Lee (嚴鏡海).
James Lee was twenty years senior to Bruce Lee and a well-known Chinese martial
artist in the area. Together, they founded the second Jun Fan martial art
studio in Oakland. James Lee was also responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to Ed Parker,
royalty of the U.S. martial arts world and organizer of the Long Beach International Karate
Championships at which Bruce Lee was later "discovered" by
Hollywood.
Jeet Kune Do
Jeet Kune Do
originated in 1967. After filming one season of The Green Hornet, Lee
found himself out of work and opened The Jun Fan Institute of Gung Fu. A
controversial match with Wong Jack Man influenced Lee's philosophy about
martial arts. Lee concluded that the fight had lasted too long and that he had
failed to live up to his potential using his Wing Chun
techniques. He took the view that traditional martial arts techniques were too
rigid and formalistic to be practical in scenarios of chaotic street
fighting. Lee decided to develop a system with an emphasis on
"practicality, flexibility, speed, and efficiency". He started to use
different methods of training such as weight
training for strength, running for endurance, stretching for
flexibility, and many others which he constantly adapted, including fencing and
basic boxing techniques.
Lee
emphasised what he called "the style of no style". This consisted of
getting rid of the formalised approach which Lee claimed was indicative of
traditional styles. Lee felt the system he now called Jun Fan Gung Fu was even
too restrictive, and eventually evolved into a philosophy and martial art he
would come to call Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist.
It is a term he would later regret, because Jeet Kune Do implied specific
parameters that styles connote; whereas the idea of his martial art was to
exist outside of parameters and limitations.Fight history
Lee defeated
three-time champion British boxer Gary Elms by way of knockout in the third
round in the 1958 Hong Kong Inter-School amateur Boxing Championships by using Wing Chun
traps and high/low-level straight punches.
The following
year, Lee became a member of the "Tigers of Junction Street," and was
involved in numerous gang-related street fights. "In one of his last
encounters, while removing his jacket the fellow he was squaring off against
sucker punched him and blackened his eye. Bruce flew into a rage and went after
him, knocking him out, breaking his opponent's arm. The police were called as a
result". The incident took place on a Hong Kong rooftop at 10 pm on
Wednesday, 29 April 1959.
In 1962, Lee
was challenged by a man who had been holding a grudge against Lee while the two
were practicing at a YMCA in Seattle. The man was described by Jesse Glover
as a karate man who also had a black belt in judo, though Glover, who was a
brown belt in judo at the time, claimed to be better than the man in judo.
After weeks or months of provocation by the man, Lee agreed to fight the man
for three two-minute rounds, with the winner being the one who knocked the
opponent down or out in two out of three rounds.
The match
took place at YMCA's handball court, with Glover as the referee and Ed Hart as
the time keeper. Lee wore street clothes and used a Wing Chun stance while his
opponent wore a gi
and used a karate stance. According to Glover, Lee used his right forearm to
deflect an initial kick from the man and simultaneously landed a left punch to
the face. Lee deflected more punches using the forearm, controlling the center
line and landed more punches to the man's face until he was against the wall.
The man attempted to grab Lee's arms, which Lee responded by a double fist
punch to the face and chest, followed by a kick to the nose, which produced a
nosebleed and a knockout, at which time Glover stopped the fight. Taki Kamura
said the fight lasted 10 seconds. Ed Hart stated "the fight lasted exactly
11 seconds – I know because I was the time keeper – and Bruce had hit
the guy something like 15 times and kicked him once. I thought he'd killed
him".
In Oakland, California in 1964 at Chinatown, Lee had a controversial private
match with Wong Jack Man, a direct student of Ma Kin Fung
known for his mastery of Xingyiquan, Northern Shaolin, and T'ai chi
ch'uan. According to Lee, the Chinese community issued an ultimatum
to him to stop teaching non-Chinese. When he refused to comply, he was
challenged to a combat match with Wong. The arrangement was that if Lee lost,
he would have to shut down his school; while if he won, then Lee would be free
to teach Caucasians or anyone else. Wong denied this,
stating that he requested to fight Lee after Lee issued an open challenge
during one of Lee's demonstrations at a Chinatown theatre, and that Wong
himself did not discriminate against Caucasians or other non-Chinese. Lee
commented, "That paper had all the names of the sifu from Chinatown, but
they don't scare me".
Individuals
known to have witnessed the match included Cadwell, James Lee (Bruce Lee's
associate, no relation), and William Chen, a teacher of T'ai chi ch'uan. Wong
and witness William Chen stated that the fight lasted an unusually long 20–25
minutes. According to Bruce Lee, Linda Lee
Cadwell, and James Yimm Lee, the fight lasted 3 minutes with
a decisive victory for Lee. "The fight ensued, it was a no-holds-barred
fight, it took three minutes. Bruce got this guy down to the ground and said
'do you give up?' and the man said he gave up" – Linda Lee Cadwell.
Wong Jack Man
published his own account of the battle in the Chinese Pacific Weekly, a
Chinese-language
newspaper in San Francisco, which contained another challenge to Lee for a
public rematch. Lee had no reciprocation to Wong's article, nor were there any
further public announcements by either, but Lee had continued to teach
Caucasians.
Acting career
Bruce Lee's star at the Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong.
Lee's father Lee Hoi-chuen
was a famous Cantonese opera star. Because of this, Lee was
introduced into films at a very young age and appeared in several short
black-and-white films as a child. Lee had his first role as a baby who was
carried onto the stage in the film Golden Gate
Girl. By the time he was 18, he had appeared in twenty films.
The Green Hornet (1966-1967) |
While in the
United States from 1959 to 1964, Lee abandoned thoughts of a film career in favor
of pursuing martial arts. However, a martial arts exhibition on Long Beach in
1964 eventually led to the invitation by William
Dozier for an audition for a part in the pilot for "Number One
Son". The show never aired, but Lee was invited for the role of Kato alongside Van Williams
in the TV series The Green Hornet. The
show lasted just one season, from 1966 to 1967. Lee also played Kato in three
crossover episodes of Batman. This was followed by guest
appearances in three television series: Ironside (1967), Here Come the Brides (1969), and Blondie
(1969).
According to
statements made by Lee, and also by Linda Lee
Cadwell after Lee's death, in 1971 Lee pitched a television series
of his own tentatively titled The Warrior, discussions which were also
confirmed by Warner Bros. In a 9 December 1971 television
interview on The Pierre Berton Show, Lee stated
that both Paramount and Warner Brothers wanted him "to be in a modernized
type of a thing, and that they think the Western idea is out, whereas I want to
do the Western".According to Cadwell, however, Lee's concept was retooled
and renamed Kung Fu, but Warner Bros.
gave Lee no credit. Warner Brothers states that they had for some time been
developing an identical concept, created by two writers and producers, Ed
Spielman and Howard Friedlander. According to these sources, the reason Lee was
not cast was in part because of his ethnicity, but more so because he had a
thick accent. The role of the Shaolin
monk in the Wild West, was eventually awarded to
then-non-martial-artist David Carradine. In The Pierre Berton Show
interview, Lee stated he understood Warner Brothers' attitudes towards casting
in the series: "They think that business wise it is a risk. I don't blame
them. If the situation were reversed, and an American star were to come to Hong
Kong, and I was the man with the money, I would have my own concerns as to
whether the acceptance would be there".
Producer Fred
Weintraub had advised Lee to return to Hong Kong and make a feature film which
he could showcase to executives in Hollywood. Not happy with his supporting
roles in the United States, Lee returned to Hong Kong. Unaware that The Green Hornet had
been played to success in Hong Kong and was unofficially referred to as
"The Kato Show", he was surprised to be recognised on the street as
the star of the show. After negotiating with both Shaw Brothers Studio and Golden
Harvest, Lee signed a film contract to star in two films produced by
Golden Harvest. Lee played his first leading role in The Big Boss
(1971) which proved to be an enormous box office success across Asia and
catapulted him to stardom.
He soon
followed up with Fist of Fury (1972) which broke the box
office records set previously by The Big Boss.
Fist of Fury (1972) |
The Way of The Dragon (1972) |
In 1964, at a
demonstration in Long Beach, California, Lee had met Karate champion
Chuck Norris.
In Way of the Dragon Lee introduced Norris to movie-goers as his
opponent in the final death fight at the Colosseum
in Rome, today considered one of Lee's most legendary fight scenes and one of
the most memorable fight scenes in martial arts
film history. The role was originally offered to American Karate
champion Joe Lewis.
In late 1972,
Lee began work on his fourth Golden Harvest Film, Game of Death.
He began filming some scenes including his fight sequence with 7'2"
American Basketball star Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, a former student.
The Gane of Death (1978) |
Production was stopped when Warner Brothers offered Lee the opportunity to star
in Enter the Dragon, the first film to be
produced jointly by Golden Harvest and Warner Bros. Filming commenced in Hong
Kong in February 1973. One month into the filming, another production company,
Starseas Motion Pictures, promoted Bruce Lee as a leading actor in Fist of
Unicorn, although he had merely agreed to choreograph the fight sequences
in the film as a favor to his long-time friend Unicorn Chan.
Lee planned to sue the production company, but retained his friendship with
Chan. However, only a few months after the completion of Enter the Dragon,
and six days before its 26 July 1973 release, Lee died.
Enter the Dragon
would go on to become one of the year's highest grossing films and cement Lee
as a martial arts legend. It was made for US$850,000 in 1973 (equivalent to
$4 million adjusted for inflation as of 2007). To date, Enter the
Dragon has grossed over $200 million worldwide. The film sparked a brief
fad
in martial arts, epitomized in songs such as "Kung Fu
Fighting" and TV shows like Kung Fu.
Enter The Dragon (1973) |
Robert Clouse,
the director of Enter the Dragon, and Raymond Chow attempted to finish
Lee's incomplete film Game of Death, which Lee was also set to write and
direct. Lee had shot over 100 minutes of footage, including out-takes, for Game
of Death before shooting was stopped to allow him to work on Enter the Dragon.
In addition to Abdul-Jabbar, George
Lazenby, Hapkido master Ji Han-Jae
and another of Lee's students, Dan Inosanto,
were also to appear in the film, which was to culminate in Lee's character, Hai
Tien (clad in the now-famous yellow track suit) taking on a series of different
challengers on each floor as they make their way through a five-level pagoda.
In a controversial move, Robert Clouse finished the film using a look-alike
and archive
footage of Lee from his other films with a new storyline and cast,
which was released in 1978. However, the cobbled-together film contained only
fifteen minutes of actual footage of Lee (he had printed many unsuccessful
takes) while the rest had a Lee look-alike, Kim Tai Chung,
and Yuen Biao
as stunt double. The unused footage Lee had filmed was recovered 22 years later
and included in the documentary Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey.
Although Lee had formed a production company
with Raymond Chow, a period film was also planned from September–November 1973
with the competing Shaw Brothers Studio, to be directed by
either Chor Yuen
or Cheng Kang, and written by Yi Kang and Chang Cheh,
titled The Seven Sons of the Jade Dragon.
Lee had also
worked on several scripts himself. A tape containing a recording of Lee
narrating the basic storyline to a film tentatively titled Southern
Fist/Northern Leg exists, showing some similarities with the canned script
for The Silent Flute (Circle of
Iron).
Another script had the title Green Bamboo Warrior,
set in San Francisco, planned to co-star Bolo Yeung
and to be produced by Andrew Vajna who later went on to produce First Blood.
Photo shoot costume tests were also organized for some of these planned film projects.
Physical fitness
Lee was renowned for his physical fitness and vigorous, dedicated fitness regimen to become as strong as he possibly could.After his match with Wong Jack Man in 1965, Lee changed his approach toward martial arts training. Lee felt that many martial artists of his time did not spend enough time on physical conditioning. Lee included all elements of total fitness—muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and flexibility. He tried traditional bodybuilding techniques to build bulky muscles or mass. However, Lee was careful to admonish that mental and spiritual preparation was fundamental to the success of physical training in martial arts skills. In Tao of Jeet Kune Do, he wrote training is one of the most neglected phases of athletics. Too much time is given to the development of skill and too little to the development of the individual for participation. ... JKD, ultimately is not a matter of petty techniques but of highly developed spirituality and physique.
Lee was documented as having well over 2,500
books in his own personal library, and eventually concluded that "A
stronger muscle, is a bigger muscle", a conclusion he later disputed.
Bruce forever experimented with his training routines to maximise his physical
abilities and push the human body to its limits. He employed many different
routines and exercises including skipping rope,
which served his training and bodybuilding purposes effectively.
Lee believed
that the abdominal muscles were one of the most
important muscle groups for a martial artist, since virtually every movement
requires some degree of abdominal work. Mito Uyehara recalled that "Bruce
always felt that if your stomach was not developed, then you had no business
doing any hard sparring".
Lee trained
from 7 am to 9 am, including stomach, flexibility, and running, and
from 11 am to 12 pm he would weight train and cycle.
A typical exercise for Lee would be to run a distance of two to six miles in 15
to 45 minutes, in which he would vary speed in 3–5 minute intervals. Lee would
ride the equivalent of 10 miles (about 16 kilometres) in 45 minutes on a
stationary bike.
Lee would sometimes exercise with the jump rope and put in 800 jumps after cycling. Lee would also do exercises to toughen the skin on his fists, including thrusting his hands into buckets of harsh rocks and gravel. He would do over 500 repetitions of this on a given day. An article of the S. China Post writes "When a doctor warned him not to inflict too much violence on his body, Bruce dismissed his words. 'the human brain can subjugate anything, even real pain' —Bruce Lee".
Philosophy
Lee
is best known as a martial artist, but he also studied drama and philosophy
while a student at the University of Washington. He was well-read
and had an extensive library. His own books on martial arts and fighting
philosophy are known for their philosophical assertions, both inside and
outside of martial arts circles. His eclectic
philosophy often mirrored his fighting beliefs, though he was quick to claim
that his martial arts were solely a metaphor for such teachings. He believed
that any knowledge ultimately led to self-knowledge, and said that his chosen
method of self-expression was martial arts. His influences include Taoism, Jiddu Krishnamurti, and Buddhism.
On the other hand, Lee's philosophy was very much in opposition to the
conservative world view advocated by Confucianism. John Little states that Lee
was an atheist.
When asked in 1972 about his religious affiliation, he replied, "none
whatsoever". Also in 1972, he was asked if he believed in God, and he
responded, "To be perfectly frank, I really do not".
The
following quotations reflect his fighting philosophy.
- "Be formless... shapeless, like water. Now you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You pour water into a bottle; it becomes the bottle. You put water into a teapot; it becomes the teapot. Now water can flow, or creep or drip or crash! Be water, my friend..."
- "All types of knowledge, ultimately leads to self-knowledge"
- "Use only that which works, and take it from any place you can find it".
- "Do not deny the classical approach, simply as a reaction, or you will have created another pattern and trapped yourself there".
- "Quick temper will make a fool of you soon enough".
- "I always learn something, and that is: to always be yourself. And to express yourself, to have faith in yourself. Do not go out and look for a successful personality and duplicate him".
Films
Year
|
Film
|
Role
|
Notes
|
1969
|
Winslow Wong
|
||
1971
|
Also known as Fists of Fury
|
||
1972
|
Also known as The Chinese
Connection
|
||
Tang Lung
|
Also known as Return of the
Dragon
|
||
1973
|
Lee
|
Released posthumously
|
|
1978
|
Billy Lo
|
Released posthumously
|
|
1981
|
Billy Lo
|
Released posthumously (Stock
footage)
|
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